![]() In childhood diarrhea, vomiting and febrile infections are the most common cause of hypovolemic hyponatremia. The term syndrome of appropriate anti-diuresis has also been used to denote this condition. In most cases (middle panel) hyotonic hyponatemia results from a low effective arterial blood volume and is termed hypovolemic (or depletional) hyponatremia. Therefore, it should be remembered that both the ECF found in plasma and the ICF found in erythrocytes, contribute to the total blood volume.Mechanisms underlying hypotonic hyponatremia. It should be pointed out that the plasma volume is not the same as the blood volume, as the volume of erythrocytes contributes nearly 40% of the entire blood's volume. As mentioned, the plasma is separated from the interstitial fluid by the vascular wall which is permeable to water and small solutes but not proteins. The plasma refers to the total volume of ECF within the vascular space.Consequently, the interstitial fluid is composed of roughly the same chemical composition as the plasma except without the proteins. As described in microcirculatory physiology, the vasculature allows free movement of water and small solutes but not of proteins. The Interstitial Fluid refers to the total volume of ECF outside of the blood vessels and is separated from the plasma (see below) by the walls of the body's vasculature.These compartments are separated by the vasculature. The ECF is sub-divided into two other fluid compartments known as the Interstitial Fluid and the Plasma. The ECF contains roughly one-third of the total body water or about 20% of total body weight. As mentioned before, the ECF is separated from the ICF by the plasma membrane of each cell which is impermeable to nearly all classes of solutes. The Extracellular Fluid (ECF) refers the total volume of fluid outside of cells.The ICF contains roughly two-thirds of the total body water or about 40% of total body weight. Although the plasma membrane is permeable to water, it is highly impermeable to both ionic and small solutes as well as proteins. ![]() The ICF is separated from the Extracellular Fluid (see below) by the plasma membrane of each, individual cell.
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